BLOOD TEST

WHOLE BL,OOD (WB ),SERUM (S) AND PLASMA (P) TESTS


S.NO TEST (SPECIMEN) NORMAL VALUES CLINICAL IMPLICATION
1. ALBUMIN(S) 3.2—5.6 g/dl
(electrophoresis) Values increase in nephritis,trauma,and severe anemia and leukemia;values decrease following severe burns.


2. ALPHAFETOPROTIEN
(AFP) (WB OR AMNIOTIC FLUID) NONPREGNANT ADULT:25 NG/ML
PREGNANT FEMALE VALUES RISE IN PREGANCY VALUES INCREASE FROM 70 NG/ML AT 8 WEEKS GESTATION TO 430 NG/ML AT 36 WEEKS. VALUES GRADUALLY DECREASE SOON AFTER BIRTH
3. AMINOTRANSFERASES(S)
ASPARATE
AMINOTRANSFERASE
ALANINE
AMINOTRANSFERASE 3—21 lU/l
5—25 REITMAN—FRANKEL
UNITS
5—24 lU/l
5—35 REITMAN—FRANKEL UNITS VALUES INCREASE IN MYCOCARDIAL INFARCTION, LIVER DISEASE,TRAUMA TO SKELETAL MUSCLES, AND SEVERE BURNS; VALUES DECREASE IN BERIBERI VALUES INCREASE IN LIVER DISEASE.
4. AMMONIA(P) 20-120 μg/dl (DIFFUSION) VALUES INCREASE IN LIVER DISEASE,HEART FAILURE, EMPHYSEMA, PNEUMONIA, COR PULMONALE, AND HEMOLYTIC DISEASE OF NEWBORN (ERYTHROBLASTOSIS FETALIS).
5. AMYLASE (S) 60—160 SOMOGYL UNITS/DL VALUES INCREASE IN ACUTE PANCREATITIS, MUMPS, AND OBSTRUCTION OF PANCREATIC DUCT; VALUES DECREASE IN HEPATITIS,CIRROHOSIS,BURNS,AND TOXEMIA OF PREGANCY.
6. BILIRUBIN(S) CONJUGATED: 0.1—0.4
Mg/dl
UNCONJUGATED: 0.2—1.0
MG/DL
TOTAL: 0.3—1.4 MG/DL
CHILDERN: 0.2—0.8 MG/DL
NEWBORN: 1.0—12.0 MG/DL AN INCREASE IN CONJUGATED BILIRUBIN PROBABLY RESULTS FROM LIVER DYSFUNCTION OR BILIARY OBSTRUCTION; AN INCREASE IN UNCONJUGATED BILIRUBIN PROBABLY RESULTS FROM EXCESSIVE.HEMOLYSIS OF RED BLOOD CELLS,
7. BLEEDING TIME (WB) 4—8 MINUTES (SIMPLATE) VALUES INCREASE IN THROMBOCYTOPENIA, SEVERE LIVER DISEASE, LEUKEMIA, AND APLASTIC ANEMIA.
8. BLOOD UREA NITROGEN (BUN)(S) 8—26 MG/DL VALUES INCREASE IN KIDNEY DISEASE,SHOCK DEHYDRATION,DIABETES,AND ACUTE MYOCARDIAL INFARCTION(ML);VALUES DECREASE IN LIVER FAILURE,IMPAIRED ABSORPTION,AND OVERHYDRATION.
9. CALCIUM (Ca++ ) (S) ADULTS: 4.6—5.5 mEq/L VALUES INCREASE IN CANCER,HYPERPARATHYROIDRATION,ADDISON’S DISEASE,HYPERTHYROIDISM,AND PAGET’S DISEASE,VALUES DECREASE IN HYPOPARATHYROIDISM,CHRONIC RENAL,OSTEOMALACIA,RICKETS,AND DIARRHEA.
10. CARBON DIOXIDE
(CO2), CONTENT
(WB) ARTERIAL: 19—24 Mm
VENOUS: 22—26 mM VALUES INCREASE IN SEVERE VOMITING,EMPHYSEMA,AND ALDOSTERONISM: VALUES DECREASE IN SEVERE DIARRHEA,STARVATION,AND ACUTE RENAL FAILURE.
11. CARBON DIOXIDE,
PARTIAL PRESSURE
(PCO2) (WB)
ARTERIAL: 40mm Hg
VENOUS: 45 mm Hg VALUES INCREASE HYPOVENTILATION,OBSTRUCTIVE LUNG DISEASE,AND EMPHYSEMA;VALUES DECRESE IN HYPERVENTILATION,HYPOXIA,AND PREGANCY.
12. CARCINOEMBRYONIC
ANTIGEN (CEA) (P) 0—25 mg/ml VALUES INCREASE IN CARCINOMA OF THE COLON,RECTUM,BREAST,OVARY,LIVER AND PANCREAS;INFLAMMATORY BOWEL DISEASE (IBD).CIRRHOSIS,AND CHRONIC CIGARETTE SMOKING.
13. CAROTENE,BETA(S) 40—200 μ/dl (VARIES WITH DIET) VALUES INCREASE IN MYXEDEMA,DIABETES MELLITUS,AND EXCESSIVE DIETARY INTAKE;VALUES DECREASE IN FAT MALABSORPTION, LIVER DISEASE,AND POOR DIETARY INTAKE.
14. CHLORIDE (CL-) (S)

95 – 103 mEq/l VALUES INCREASE IN DEHYDRATION,CUSHING’S SYNDROME,AND ANEMIA;VALUES DECREASE IN SEVERE VOMITING,SEVERE BURNS,DIABETIC ACIDOSIS,AND FEVER.
15. CHOLESTEROL,
TOTAL(S) UNDER 200 mg/dl IS DESCRIBE (VARIES WITH DIET,SEX, AND AGE) VALUES INCREASE IN DIABETES MELLITUS, CARDIOVASCULAR DISEASE, NEPHROSIS,AND HYPOTHYROIDISM;VALUES DECREASE IN LIVER DISEASE,HYPERTHYROIDISM,FAT MALABSORPTION,PERNICIOUS ANEMIA,SEVERE INFECTIONS,AND TERMINAL STAGES OF CANCER.
16. HDL CHOLESTEROL (P)
LDL CHOLESTEROL (P)
VIDL CHOLESTEROL
(P) GREATER THAN 40mg/dl
LESS THAN 160 mg/dl
0—40 mg/dl
17. CORTISOL
(HYDROCORTISONE)
(P) 8 A.M—10 A.M: 5—23 μg/dl

4 P.M—6 P.M.: 3—13 μgdl VALUES INCREASE IN HYPERTHYROIDISM STRESS, OBESITY, AND GUSHING’S SYNDROME, VALUES DECREASSE IN HYJPOTHYRODISM, LIVER DISESSE, AND ADDISON’S DISEASE
18. CREATINE (S OR P)
19.
CREATINE (S OR P) MALE 0.1—0.4mg/dl
FEMALE 0.2—0.7mg/dl VALUES INCREASE IN NFEPHRITIS, MUSCULAR DYSTROPHY DAMAGE TO MUSCLE TISSUE, AND PREGNANCY.
20.
21.
22. CREATINE PHOSPHOKINASE
(CPK) (S)
CREATINE (S) MALE: 55—170 U/l
FEMALE: 30—135 U/l VALUES INCREASE IN MYOCARDIAL INFARCTION,PROGRESSIVE MUSCULAR DYSTROPHY,MYXEDEMA,CONVULSIONS,HYPOTHYROIDISM,AND PULMONARY EDEMA.
23. ERTHROCYTE
SEDIMENTATION RATE
(ESR) (WB) (WESTERGEN)
FEMALE: UNDER 50 YEARS:
LESS THAN 20 mm/hr OVER 50 YEARS: LESS THAN 30 mm/hr
MALE: UNDER 50 YEARS:
LESS THAN 15mm/hr
OVER 50 YEARS: LESS THAN 20 mm/hr VALUES INCREASE IN PREGNANCY,INFECTION, CARCINOMA,TISSUE DESTRUCTION,AND NEPHRITIS,VALUES DECREASE IN SICKLE-CELL ANEMIA AND CONGESTIVE HEART FAILURE (CHF)
24 FETAL HEMOGLOBIN
(WB) NEWBORNS: 60—90%
BEFORE AGE 2: 0—4%
ADULTS: 0—2% VALUES INCREASE IN THALASSEMIA,SICKLE-CELL ANEMIA,AND LEAKAGE OF FETAL BLOOD INTO MATERNAL BLOODSTREAM.
25 GAMMA-GLUTAMYL
TRANSFERASE (GGT)
(S) 5—40 LU/L VALUES INCREASE IN CIRRHOSIS OF THE LIVER, METASTATIC CANCER OF THE LIVER, CHOLOITHEIASIS,CONGESTIVE HEART FAILURE (CHF),AND ALCOHOLISM.
26 GLOBULINS (S) 2.3—3.5 g/dl VAL;UES INCREASE IN CHRONIC INFFECTIONS.

27 GLUCOSE(S)

70—110mg/dl VALUES INCREASE IN DIABETES MELLITUS ACUTE STRESS,HYPERTHYRODISM, CHRONIC LIVER DISEASE,AND NEPHRITIS VALUES DECREASE IN ADDISONS DISEASE HYPOTHYRODISM AND CANCER OF THE PANCREAS.


28 HEMOGLOBIN (S) OR (P) MALE; 13.5—18g/100ml
FEMALE; 12---16g/100ml
NEW BORN 14---20g/100 VALUES INCREASES IN POLYCYTHEMIA, CONGESTIVE HEART FAILURE CHF, CHORONIC OBSTRUCTIVE PULMONARY DISEASE AND AT HIGH ALTITUDES, VALUES DECREASE IN ANEMIA, HYPERTHYRODISM CIRRHOSIS OF THE LIVER AND SEVERE HEMORRHAGE.


29 HEMATOCRIT (WB) MALE 40---54 FEMALE 38—47 VALUES INCREASE IN POLYCYTHEMIA, SEVERE DEHYDRATION, AND SHOCK , HYPERTHROIDSM.
30 IMMUNOGLOBINS (S) IgG
IgA
IgM
IgD
IgE 800---1801mg/dl
113—563
54—222
0.5—3.0
0.01—0.04 IgG VALUES INCREASE IN INFECTIONS OF ALL TYPES, LIVER DISEASE AND SEVERE MALNUTRITION IgA VALUES INCREASE IN CIRRHOSIS OF THE LIVER , CHRONIC INFECTIONS, AND AUTOIMMUNE DISORDERS AND DECREASE IN IMMUNOLOGIC DEFICIENCY STATES, IgM VALUES INCREASE IN TRYPANOSOMIASIS AND DECREASE IN LYMPHOID APLASIA IgD VALUES INCREASE IN CHRONIC INFECTIONS AND MYELOMAS IgE VALUES INCREASE IN HAY FEVER, ASTHMA, AND ANAPHYLACTIC SHOCK.
31 IRON TOTAL (S) 60—150 ųg/dl VALUES INCREASE IN LIVER DISEASE AND VARIOUS ANEMIAS,VALUES DECREASE IN IRON – DEFIENCEY ANEMIA.
32 KETONES BODIES ,ACETONE, (S,P) NEGATIVE , TOXIC LEVEL; 20mg/dl VALUES INCREASE IN KETOACIDOSIS, FEVER ANOREXIA, FASTING, STRAVATION, HIGH FAT DIET, LOW CARBOHYDTATE,DIET AND FOLLOWING VOMITING.
33 LACTIC ACID , (WB) ARTERIAL; 3—7mg/dl
VENOUS; 5—20mg/dl VLAUES INCREAE DURING MUSCULAR ACTIVITY CONGESTIVE HEART FAILURE (CHF), SHOCK, AND SEVERE HEMORRHAGE.
34 LACTIC DEHYDROGENSE (LDH), (S) 71—207 IU/l VALUES INCREASE IN MYOCARDIAL INFRACTION, LIVER DISEASE , SKELETAL MUSCLE NECROSIS , AND SEVERE HEMORRHAGE.

35 LIPID (S) TOTAL
CHOLESTEROL
TRIGLYCERIDES
PHOSPHOLIPIDS
FATTYA ACID (FREE) 400---800mg/dl
150—250 mg/dl
10—190 mg/dl
150—380mg/dl
9.0—15.0mg/dl VALUES INCREASE IN HYPERLIPIDEMIA,DIABETES MELLITUS,AND HYPOTHYRODISM VALUES DECREASE IN FAT MALABSORPTION.
36 MUCOPROTEIN (S) 80—200mg/dl VALUES INCREASE IN CANCER , INFECTIONS, AND RHEUMATIOD ARTHRITIS,
37 OSMOLALITY (S) 285—295 mOsm/kg VALUES INCREASE IN CIRRHOSIS , CONGESTIVE, HEART FAILUTE, (CHF),AND PROTEIN DIETS , VALUES DECREASE IN ALDOSTERONISM, DIABETES INSIPIDUS, AND HYPERCLACEMIA.
38 OXYGEN WB ARTERIAL 15- -23 VOLUME% VALUES INCREASE IN POLYCETHEMIA AND VALUES DECREASE IN CHRONIC OBSTRUCTIVE LUNG DISEASE.
39 OXYGEN , PARTIAL PRESSURE PO, (WB) ARTERIAL; 105mm Hg VALUES INCREASE IN POLYCYTHEMIA , AND HYPERVENTILATION , VALUES DECREASE IN ANEMIAS ,INSUFFICINT ATMOSPHERIC OXYGEN, AND HPERVENTILATION.
40 PH (WB) ARTERIAL; 7.35—7.45 VALUES INCREASE IN VOMITING , HYPERVENTILATION , EXCESSIVE BICARBONTE, AND LACK OF OXYGEN , VALUES DECREASE IN RENAL FAILURE, DIABETIC KETOACIDOSIS, HYPOXIA, AIRWAY , OBSTRUCTION ,AND SHOCK.
41 PHOSPHATASE ACID (S) 4—13 U/dl (KINGARMSTRONG) VALUES INCREASE IN PROSTATIC CANCER, SOME LIVER DISEASE , HYPERTHYRODISM , MYOCARDIAL INFRACTION (MI) AND PULMONARY EMBOLISM.
42 ALKALINE 4—13 U/dl VALUES INCREASE IN SOME LIVER AND BONE DISEASE , HYPERPARATHYRODISM , AND PREGNANCY.
43 PHOSPHOROUS, INORGANIC (S) ADULT 1.8—4.1 mEq/l
CHILDREN 2.3—4.1mEq/l VALUES INCREASE IN RENAL DISEASE, HYPOPARATHYRODISM , HYPOCALCEMIA, BONE TUMORS, ADDISON’S DISEASE AND ACROMEGALY,VALUES DECREASE IN HYPERPARATHYRODISM , RICKETS, OSTEMALACIA, AND DIABETIC COMA.
44 PLATELATE COUNT (WB) 250,000—400,000/mm3 VALUES INCREASE IN CANCER , TRAUMA , HEART DISEASE, AND CIRRHOSIS , VALUES DECREASE IN ANEMIAS, ALLERGIC, CONDITION , AND DURING CANCR CHEMOTHERAPY.
45 PROTEIN (S) TOTAL
ALBUMIN
GLOBULIN
A/G RATIO 6.0—7.8 g/dl
3.2—4.5g/dl
2.3—3.5g/dl
1.5:1—to 2.5:1 TOTAL PROTEIN VALUES INCREASE IN DEHYDRATION . SHOCK, SYSTEMIC LUPUS ERYTHEMATOSUS, (SLE)RHEUMATOID ARTHRITIS,(RA) CHRONIC INFECTION , AND CHRONIC LIVER DISEASE, TOTAL PTOTEIN VALUES DECREASE IN INSUFFICIENT PROTEIN INTAKE , HEMORRHAGE , MALABSORPTION,. DIARRHEA. , AND SEVERE BURNS.
46 PROTEIN- BOUND IODINE (PBI) (S) 4.0—8.0 ug/dl VALUES INCREASE IN HYPERTHYRODISM, AND ACUTE THYROIDITIS, VALUES DECREASE IN HYPOTHYRODISM , CHRONIC, THYRODITIS, MYXEDEMA, AND NEPHROSIS.
47 PROTHROMBIN TIME (PT) WB 11—15 SECONDS VALUES INCREASE IN PROTHROMBIN AND VITAMIN K DEFICIENCY, LIVER DISEASE , AND HYPERVITAMINOSIS A
48 RED BLOOD CELL COUNT RBC, (WB) MALE; 5.4 million
FEMALE; 4.8 million VALUES INCREASE IN POLYCYTHEMIA , DEHYDRATION , AND FOLLOWING HEMORRHAGING VALUES DECREASE IN SYSTEMIC LUPUS ERYTHEMATOUS (SLE)ANEMIAS AND ADDISON’S DISEASE.
49 RETICULOCYTE COUNT (WB) 0.5—1.5 % VALUES INCREASE IN HEMOLYTIC ANEMIA , METASTATIC CARCINOMA , AND LEUKEMIA VALUES DECREASE IN IRON DEFICIENCY AND PERNICIOUS ANEMIA,RADIATION, THERAPY , AND KIDNEY DISEASE IN WHICH KIDNEY CELLS DO NOT MAKE ERYTHROPROTEIN.
50 SERUM GLUTAMIC PYRUVIC TRANSAMINASE (SGPT) ( S ) 10—30 IU/I VALUES INCREASE IN LIVER CELL DAMAGE DUE TO HEPATITIS, TOXICITY, INFECTIONS, MONONUCLEOSIS, CIRRHOSIS, LIVER CANER , OR CONGESTIVE HEART FAILURE.
51 SERUM GLUTAMIC OXALOACETIC TRANSAMINASE (SGOT) 5—140 IU/I VALUSES INCREASE IN HEART AND SKELETAL MUSCLE DAMAGE AND IN INFECTIONS HEPATITIS;
.

52 SODIUM Na ( S ) 136—142 mEq/l VALUES INCREASE IN DEHYDRATION , ALDOSTERONISM, COMA, CUSHING’S DISEASE AND DIABETES INSIPIDUS , VALUES DECREASE IN SERVERE BURNS , VOMITING , DIARRHOEA , ADDISON’S DISEASE NEPHRITIS EXCESSIVE SWEATING , AND EDEMA.
53 THYROXINE ( T4 ) ( S ) 4—11 ug/dl VALUES INCREASE IN HYPERTHYRODISM , VALUES DECREASE IN HYPOTHYRODISM .
54 THYROXINE BINDING GLOBULIN (TBG) ( S ) 10—26 ug/dl VALUES INCREASE IN HYPOTHYRODISM, VALUES DECREASE IN HYPERTHYRODISM.
55 URIC ACID ( S ) MALE ;4.0—8.5 mg/dl
FEMALE; 2.7—7.3 mg/dl VALUES INCREASE IN IMPAIRED RENAL FUNCTION, GOUT , METASTATIC CANCER., SHOCK , AND STRAVATION , VALUES DECREASE IN PERSONS TREATED WITH URICOSURIC DRUGS.
56 WHITE BLOOD CELL COUNT, DIFFERENTIAL ( WB )
NEUTROPHILS
EOSINOPHILS
BASOPHILS
LYMPHOCYTES
MONOCYTES

60—70 %
2—4 %
0.5—1 %
20—25 %
3—8 %

NEUTROPHILS INCREASE IN ACUTE INFECTIONS, EOSINOPHILS
AND BASOPHILS, INCREASE IN ALLERGIC RECATIONS, LYMPHOCYTES INCREASE DURING ANTIGEN- ANTIBODY REACTIONS, ,MONOCYTES INCREASE CHRONIC INFECTIONS.
57 WHITE BLOOD CELL COUNT, TOTAL ( WB ) 5000—10000/mm3 VALUES INCREASE IN ACUTE INFECTIONS, TRAUMA, MALIGNANT DISEASES, AND CARDIOVASCULAR DISEASES, VALUES DECREASE IN DIABETIC MELLITUS, ANEMIAS, AND FOLLOWING CANCER CHEMOTHERAPY.



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